By analyzing the energy spectrum of these photoelectrons, information about the surface composition and chemical states of the elements can be deduced.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is a common surface analysis method because it can be used on a wide variety of materials and supplies valuable quantitative and chemical data. X-ray photoelectron ...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a powerful technique widely used for the surface analysis of materials. At low energy resolution it provides qualitative and quantitative information on the ...

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)is a highly sensitive technique for identifying and quantifying the chemical states of elements on the outermost surface of a solid. It is especially useful for ...