The observation of urine has been used for centuries to diagnose and follow many disease states. It continues to be an important test in modern medicine. Various diseases such as pelvic and ...

The most common assessment used is urine specific gravity. However, this test presents inherent challenges regarding specimen collection and analysis. Saliva osmolarity is a new assessment that could ...

Second, the urine dipstick test uses chemical reagents to measure specific gravity, pH, heme, leukocyte esterase, nitrite, ...