The thickness of a liquid crystal (LC) cell is one of the main parameters of liquid crystal devices (LCD). This paper proposes a measurement method based on the multiple-beam interference between the ...

From high-tech models to simple, classic designs, we put a range of kitchen scales to the test to find the very best.

We present new theories of one-dimensional measurement and scale type. These theories are founded on the geometric and algebraic properties of the underlying mathematical models as well as on the ...