Pedal edema is caused mainly due to retention of fluid leaked from the damaged tiny blood vessels or capillaries. The commonly observed symptom is swelling. Diagnosis involves review of medical ...

Diuretics, either loop or thiazide, are usually not effective in alleviating pedal edema. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers in combination with a ...

Most studies of the incidence of CCB-induced edema are based on subjective parameters (e.g., a collection of spontaneously reported adverse effects) and have been derived from clinical experience.